Extraction and Characterization of Saponins from ‘Saqta’ Root (Colignonia parviflora var. biumbellata): Chemical and Surfactant Properties

Saqta (Colignonia parviflora var. biumbellata) is an Andean perennial herb whose root is used by rural communities as a source of “natural detergent” for washing clothes and personal hygiene. Its use has been documented by ancient cultures; however, the chemical components of Saqta root have been largely unexplored despite their potential applications. This study aims to extract and characterize saponins from Saqta root and assess their suitability as surfactants. A saponin-rich extract was obtained using a 70% ethanol– water solution under reflux conditions. Characterization was performed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Foam stability and surface tension were assessed through the afrosymetric method and capillary rise method, respectively. The extraction yield was approximately 6.28%, calculated based on the dry mass of the Saqta root material used in the extraction process. FTIR and TLC confirmed the presence of saponins, revealing structural similarities to commercial Quillaja saponins. The extracted saponins demonstrated high solubility in water and formed stable foam, with a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 4.59 wt%. Surface tension measurements revealed a significant reduction in surface tension compared to that of pure water for solutions with saponin concentrations greater than 0.1%. In conclusion, saponins were successfully extracted from Saqta root, exhibiting promising surfactant properties. These findings suggest potential applications in alternative detergent formulations, cosmetics, and other soap-like products.